Inflation is the most-asked-about investing topic in any cycle where prices rise faster than two or three percent. Most stocks suffer when inflation runs hot. A specific category benefits. Warren Buffett described this category in his 1981 shareholder letter using a phrase that's stuck in the value-investing canon: businesses that act as a "royalty on the growth of others" because they can raise prices in step with inflation without losing customers or requiring extra capital investment.
This post walks through the four properties that define a real inflation-resistant business, names the stocks that fit, and explains how Buffett's framework, Graham's defensive selection criteria, and Munger's mental-models approach all converge on roughly the same short list.
Why most stocks suffer in inflation
Three structural reasons:
First, working capital requirements grow with inflation. Inventory costs more to replace. Receivables grow with nominal revenue. The business needs more cash tied up just to maintain the same real production. That cash comes from the equity holders, who watch their dividends or buybacks shrink.
Second, depreciation schedules are based on historical cost, not replacement cost. A factory built for $100M in 2010 depreciates against that original number. By the time it needs replacing, the replacement cost is $200M. Reported earnings overstate the true distributable cash. Buffett wrote about this directly in his 1980 letter, calling it the "phantom profit" problem.
Third, contracts written in nominal terms (multi-year customer agreements, fixed-rate debt, long supplier deals) get repriced unfavourably. The business that locked in a 10-year revenue contract at 2 percent inflation loses real revenue when actual inflation runs 6 percent.
Add these three together and most businesses experience inflation as a destroyer of real earnings power. The reported numbers look fine for a year or two. The underlying economics deteriorate.
What makes a business actually inflation-resistant
Buffett's 1981 letter listed two criteria. Munger's later commentary added two more. The combined framework requires all four properties:
Property 1: Pricing power that customers tolerate
The business can raise its prices in line with inflation without losing meaningful volume. The customer either has no good alternative, or the product is a small enough share of the customer's spending that the price increase doesn't trigger substitution.
Real-ticker example: Coca-Cola (KO) raises prices on Coke and Sprite roughly annually. Restaurant operators and grocery stores pass the increases through. End consumers don't switch to private-label cola in meaningful numbers because the brand value is the product.
Property 2: Low ongoing capital requirements
The business doesn't need to keep building new factories or warehouses just to maintain output. A business that needs to reinvest 80 percent of its operating cash flow into the existing plant base is a slave to replacement cost inflation. A business that needs to reinvest 10 percent is the opposite.
Real-ticker example: Moody's (MCO). The credit-ratings business has effectively no incremental capital requirement to grow revenue. The analysts at Moody's headquarters can rate more bonds without building new physical infrastructure.
Property 3: Long-duration revenue with built-in escalators
Contracts that contain CPI-linked or volume-linked price increases survive inflationary cycles better than fixed-price contracts. Recurring revenue with annual renewal repricing survives even better.
Real-ticker example: Visa (V) and Mastercard (MA). Their take rate is a percentage of transaction volume. When prices in the economy rise, transaction values rise, and the dollar take rate rises automatically without renegotiation.
Property 4: A real economic moat protecting all of the above
Without a moat, competitors enter and compete the pricing power away. The business needs durable competitive advantages (brand, switching costs, network effects, scale, or regulatory) to sustain inflation pass-through over multiple cycles.
Real-ticker example: Microsoft (MSFT). The enterprise switching costs around Office, Azure, and Teams mean Microsoft can lift seat prices annually without losing customers. The moat is the switching cost. The inflation resistance is downstream.
The named stocks Buffett, Graham, and Munger's frameworks favour
When you apply all four criteria, the universe narrows quickly. Most stocks fail on capital intensity (manufacturers, retailers, miners). Many fail on contract structure (fixed-price utilities, defence primes with long pre-priced backlog). The survivors cluster in a few sectors:
Branded consumer staples
- Coca-Cola (KO): the canonical Buffett inflation-resistant holding since 1988. Pricing power, brand moat, minimal incremental capital. Documented as Berkshire's longest-held core position.
- Procter & Gamble (PG): similar profile across many household categories. Tide, Pampers, Gillette price up with inflation.
- Hermès (RMS.PA): extreme version. Birkin price increases routinely outpace inflation. Multi-year customer waitlists.
Financial intermediaries with toll-road economics
- Moody's (MCO): Buffett's classic example. Berkshire has held since 2000. Revenue tied to debt issuance, which grows with nominal GDP.
- S&P Global (SPGI): identical profile, the second leg of the credit-ratings duopoly.
- Visa (V) / Mastercard (MA): percentage take of transaction volume that rises automatically with nominal price levels.
- CME Group (CME): transaction fees on derivatives clearing. Volume usually rises in inflationary, volatile markets.
Software and platform compounders
- Microsoft (MSFT): enterprise switching costs plus annual seat-price increases.
- Adobe (ADBE): similar subscription dynamics for creative professionals.
- Intuit (INTU): tax software with annual price increases customers tolerate because the alternative (paying an accountant) is even more inflation-sensitive.
Royalty-style businesses
- Berkshire Hathaway (BRK.B): itself a portfolio of the businesses above plus insurance float that benefits from rising interest rates.
- See's Candies (private, owned by Berkshire): Buffett's most-discussed case study of pricing power without capital reinvestment. The 1972 acquisition for $25M was reported in his 2007 letter to have generated over $1.65B in pre-tax earnings since acquisition, almost entirely passed up to Berkshire rather than reinvested.
Energy infrastructure with inflation pass-through
Mixed category. Most utilities are fixed-rate and inflation-vulnerable. The exceptions are pipeline operators with CPI-linked contracts (Enterprise Products Partners, MMP before its merger) and certain royalty trusts.
What Buffett, Graham, and Munger would NOT buy in inflation
Graham's framing in The Intelligent Investor is the cleanest negative test. He explicitly warned against businesses with high asset intensity in inflationary periods because the replacement-cost gap silently transfers value from equity to creditors and to the inflation itself.
The categories all three frameworks treat with caution during sustained inflation:
- Capital-intensive manufacturers without pricing power (commodity steel, paper, basic chemicals)
- Long-duration fixed-price contractors (some defence primes, infrastructure builders with pre-bid contracts)
- Heavily leveraged businesses with floating-rate debt (the interest cost rises faster than revenue)
- Insurance companies underwriting at soft-market premiums (claim costs rise during the policy life, premium is locked)
- Most regulated utilities without automatic CPI rate adjustments
The pattern: anything where revenue is fixed in nominal terms while costs rise with inflation.
Two real-world inflation case studies
Case 1: 1972-1981 inflation cycle
US inflation averaged 8.7 percent annually for the decade. The S&P 500 returned about 5.9 percent annualised in nominal terms, meaning roughly negative real returns. But the consumer-staples sector and the franchise-fee category (which then included American Express, which Buffett owned heavily) materially outperformed. Buffett's 1980 letter argued the lesson: in inflation, the businesses that can raise prices without reinvesting capital are the only ones that protect real purchasing power.
Case 2: 2021-2023 inflation cycle
US inflation peaked at 9.1 percent in mid-2022. Cumulative S&P 500 nominal return from start of 2021 to end of 2023 was approximately 14 percent. But within the index, performance separated sharply by Property 1-4 fit. KO, MCO, V, MA, and MSFT meaningfully outperformed. High-multiple unprofitable tech (often heavily capital-intensive in disguise through stock-based compensation and acquisitions) underperformed materially. The historical Buffett-Graham-Munger framework held up.
How invest-like.com surfaces inflation-resistance
The four-property framework above maps directly onto the Buffett-Fit Score methodology (pricing power and moat strength) and the Smith-Fit Score methodology (capital-light compounders). The two frameworks together produce the highest-conviction inflation-resistant cohort on the site.
Specific tools:
The cross-framework consensus is meaningful here: when Buffett's framework, Munger's framework, and Smith's framework all rate the same stock A or A-plus, you're typically looking at one of the dozen-or-so businesses that historically protect real purchasing power across cycles.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the best inflation-resistant stocks?
The four properties Buffett identified in his 1981 letter (pricing power, low capital intensity, escalating revenue, and a durable moat) point to a short list dominated by branded staples (KO, PG), credit-ratings duopolists (MCO, SPGI), card networks (V, MA), and platform software (MSFT, ADBE, INTU). Berkshire Hathaway itself is a portfolio of many of these businesses.
Why does Buffett like Coca-Cola in inflation?
Coca-Cola checks all four boxes: it can raise prices annually without losing volume (brand moat), needs almost no incremental capital to maintain output (bottlers handle most physical infrastructure), has revenue that grows with global GDP automatically, and has competitive advantages (brand, distribution scale) that have been stable for 100+ years. Buffett detailed the thesis in his 1988 and 1989 shareholder letters when Berkshire first built the position.
Does Graham's framework cover inflation?
Yes. Chapter 14 of The Intelligent Investor (the defensive investor's selection criteria) implicitly addresses inflation through its preference for businesses with strong financial position, low debt, and consistent earnings power over capital-intensive cyclicals. Graham was writing in the 1949 edition during a period of meaningful US inflation, and his framework anticipates the patterns Buffett later articulated more directly.
What's a "royalty on inflation"?
The phrase comes from Buffett's 1981 letter. A "royalty on inflation" is a business where revenue scales automatically with nominal price levels in the broader economy without requiring new investment. Examples: the credit-rating agencies (revenue scales with debt issuance), the payment networks (revenue scales with transaction values), the major asset managers (revenue scales with assets under management which tend to track nominal GDP).
Are utilities inflation-resistant?
Mixed. Regulated utilities with automatic CPI-linked rate adjustments (some US state utilities, some European water and electricity grids) have meaningful inflation protection. Utilities with fixed-rate regulatory cycles where rate cases happen every 3-5 years tend to lag inflation badly. Reading the specific regulatory framework matters more than the sector label.
How does invest-like grade inflation-resistance?
The site doesn't have a single "inflation score." It maps onto the existing Buffett-Fit and Smith-Fit frameworks, which together capture the four properties. A stock that scores A or A-plus on both is by construction likely to be inflation-resistant in the Buffett-1981 sense. The /best/quality-composite/ listing surfaces the cross-framework leaders.
Further reading
Educational only. Not investment advice. Author: Zaid Ghazal, founder of invest-like, Kiel, Germany. Not a registered investment adviser.